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Alternative Names
Abscess - epidural; Spinal abscess
Definition of Epidural abscess:
An epidural abscess is collection of pus (infected material) between the outer covering of the brain and spinal cord and the bones of the skull or spine. The abscess causes swelling in the area.
Causes, incidence, and risk factors:
Epidural abscess is a rare disorder caused by infection in the area between the bones of the skull or spine, and the membranes covering the brain and spinal cord (meninges). This infection is called an intracranial epidural abscess if it is inside the skull area, or a spinal epidural abscess if it is found in the spine area. Nine out of 10 cases are located in the spine.
The infection is usually caused by bacteria (staphylococcus aureus is common), but may be caused by fungus. It can be due to other infections in the body, or germs that spread through the blood. However, in up to one-third of patients, no source of infection is found.
In the case of an intracranial epidural abscess (within the skull), risk factors include:
Chronic ear infections
Chronic sinusitis
Head injury
Mastoiditis
Recent neurosurgery
A spinal epidural abscess may be seen in patients with:
A history of back surgery or other invasive procedures involving the spine
Bloodstream infections
Boils
Bone infections of the spine (vertebral osteomyelitis)
Symptoms:
Spinal epidural abscess:
Bowel or bladder incontinence
Difficulty urinating (urinary retention)
Fever and back pain
Intracranial epidural abscess:
Fever
Headache
Lethargy
Nausea and vomiting
Pain at the site of recent surgery that gets worse (especially if fever is present)
Neurological symptoms depend on the location of the abscess and may include:
Decreased ability to move any part of the body
Loss of sensation in any area of the body, or abnormal changes in sensation
Paralysis
Weakness
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